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???? 跨境支付词汇表 第 1 期：跨境支付基础概念
Glossary of Cross-Border Payments — Part 1: Fundamental Concepts of Cross-Border Payments
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跨境支付（Cross-Border Payment）
跨境支付是指资金在两个或两个以上国家/地区之间进行转移的支付活动。一般涉及不同的货币体系、不同的监管要求以及更多的清算/结算复杂性。它包括个人汇款、跨境电商支付、B2B跨境交易、国际企业对企业付款等。
Cross-border payment refers to the transfer of funds between two or more countries or regions. It typically involves different currency systems, regulatory requirements, and a more complex clearing and settlement process. Scenarios include personal remittances, payments for cross-border e-commerce, B2B international transactions, and corporate fund transfers.
???? 关键挑战（Key Challenges）：货币兑换、跨境合规、支付速度慢、处理成本高。
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2. 支付网关（Payment Gateway）
支付网关是连接商户（卖家）和支付处理机构（如收单行或支付服务商）的技术组件，用于安全地采集、加密、转发客户的支付数据（信用卡/借记卡信息或本地钱包信息），并完成交易授权验证。
A payment gateway is a technology component that connects merchants (sellers) and payment processors (such as acquirers or PSPs). It securely collects, encrypts, and forwards customers' payment data (credit/debit card information or local wallet data) to complete transaction authorization.
???? 举例（Example）：Worldpay Gateway, Adyen Gateway, Stripe Gateway。
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3. 收单行（Acquirer / Acquiring Bank）
收单行是与商户签订收单协议、处理商户交易并负责资金结算的银行或金融机构。收单行承担交易验证、欺诈防护、清算结算等责任，同时收取手续费。
The acquirer, or acquiring bank, is a financial institution that partners with merchants to accept and process payment card transactions and is responsible for transferring funds to the merchant's account. It handles transaction validation, fraud protection, clearing, settlement, and transaction fee charges.
???? 重要提示（Note）：收单行需要遵守PCI DSS标准并具备支付牌照。
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4. 发卡行（Issuer / Issuing Bank）
发卡行负责向消费者发行银行卡（信用卡、借记卡或预付卡），并在支付过程中验证和授权持卡人支付请求。发卡行为交易提供资金保障，并承担一定的信用风险。
The issuer, or issuing bank, provides consumers with payment cards (credit, debit, or prepaid) and verifies and authorizes cardholder payment requests during transactions. Issuers guarantee the funds for transactions and assume a share of the credit risk.
???? 举例（Example）：中国工商银行（ICBC）、美国运通（American Express Issuer）。
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5. 银行卡收单（Card Acquiring）
银行卡收单是指收单机构（银行或支付公司）接受并处理持卡人刷卡、插卡、NFC等多类型支付操作，将资金打款至商户账户的服务行为。
Card acquiring refers to services by acquiring banks or PSPs to accept and process cardholder payments via swiping, inserting, tapping, or card-not-present methods, and settling funds to merchants' accounts.
???? 相关场景（Scenario）：POS机刷卡、线上信用卡支付、数字钱包（Apple Pay）支付。
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6. 本地支付（Local Payment Methods, LPMs）
本地支付是各国家或地区内，依据当地消费者习惯发展起来的支付方式，往往不同于全球卡组织（Visa、Mastercard）网络。例如，中国以支付宝、微信支付为主，德国偏好Sofort，荷兰常用iDEAL。
Local Payment Methods (LPMs) are locally popularized payment options developed based on regional consumer behavior, often different from global card network usage (Visa, Mastercard). For example, Alipay and WeChat Pay in China, Sofort in Germany, and iDEAL in the Netherlands.
???? 重要价值（Value）：提升转化率、拓宽客户群、降低支付拒绝率。
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???? 跨境支付词汇表 第2期：支付交易流程
Glossary of Cross-Border Payments — Part 2: Payment Transaction Process
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授权（Authorization）
授权是支付流程中发卡行审核、确认支付信息并决定是否批准交易的过程。授权主要涉及持卡人账户资金可用性、支付限额、账户状态等因素。
Authorization is the phase in the payment process where the issuing bank reviews and confirms the payment information and decides whether to approve or decline the transaction. Key factors include account balance, payment limits, account status, and fraud detection.
???? 典型步骤（Typical Steps）：提交支付信息 → 发送至支付网关 → 路由至发卡行验证。
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8. 清算（Clearing）
清算是指在交易获得授权后，各方（收单行、发卡行、网络方）对交易信息进行对账、确认应支付与应收金额的过程。清算是“资金”到达前的信息整理。
Clearing refers to the reconciliation of transaction information among acquirers, issuers, and network providers after authorization, identifying the amounts due and receivable before the actual movement of funds.
???? 通常由卡组织（如VisaNet、Mastercard Network）或大型清算机构进行。
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9. 结算（Settlement）
结算是指在清算完成后，真正的资金在相关账户之间转移的过程，即将消费者的银行资金划拨到商户指定账户。
Settlement is the actual process of transferring funds between accounts after clearing, where consumer funds flow into the merchant’s designated account.
???? 重要时间点（Key Timeframes）：标准1-3个工作日（或实时结算 RTP）。
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10. 支付回滚（Chargeback）
支付回滚是当持卡人对交易产生异议并要求银行取消与退款时所启动的机制。回滚是跨境电商中影响资金回收和品牌声誉的重要风险因素。
A chargeback happens when a cardholder disputes a transaction and requests the bank to reverse it. Chargebacks pose a significant risk to merchants in terms of revenue loss and brand reputation.
???? 常见原因（Common Causes）：盗刷、不当收费、服务未履行、不满意产品。
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11. 拒付（Dispute / Chargeback）
拒付更广义地指客户对交易存在任何异议，包括未必正式走向回滚程序的交涉。管理拒付风险是跨境支付风控策略的一部分。
Dispute is a broader term for any customer complaint regarding a transaction, which may or may not proceed to a formal chargeback. Managing disputes is a critical element of cross-border payment risk management.
???? 重要措施（Important Actions）：完善交易记录、提供真实证明、优化退款流程。
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12. 货币兑换（Currency Exchange）
货币兑换是指在不同货币体系之间将A币种转换为B币种，以完成跨境支付或资金结算的行为。往往涉及汇率波动及外汇手续费。
Currency exchange involves converting currency A into currency B across different currency systems to complete cross-border payments or settlements. It often incurs fluctuation costs and forex fees.
???? 举例（Example）：美元 (USD) ↔ 欧元 (EUR)，人民币 (CNY) ↔ 美元 (USD)。
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???? 跨境支付词汇表 第3期：反欺诈与风控
Glossary of Cross-Border Payments — Part 3: Fraud Prevention & Risk Management
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支付欺诈（Payment Fraud）
支付欺诈指未经授权或欺骗手段造成的支付交易，通常包括盗刷、虚假身份、账户接管等风险。随着跨境电商增长，欺诈案件数量激增。
Payment fraud refers to an unauthorized or deceitful transaction, often including card fraud, fake identities, and account takeovers. With the surge of cross-border e-commerce, fraud cases are rapidly increasing.
???? 关键检测技术（Key Detection Technologies）：机器学习反欺诈系统、行为分析系统。
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14. 3D 认证（3D Secure, 3DS）
3D认证是一种在线支付安全协议，通过让商户、发卡行、持卡人在交易中加入额外验证步骤，确保支付更安全。主要版本有3DS1.0和更先进的3DS2.0。
3D Secure is an online payment security protocol that adds an additional authentication step involving the merchant, issuing bank, and cardholder to strengthen transaction security. Versions include 3DS1.0 and the more advanced 3DS2.0.
???? 举例（Example）：Visa Secure、Mastercard Identity Check（Mastercard SecureCode）。
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15. 风险控制（Risk Management）
风险控制包括评估交易风险、监控支付异常、部署欺诈检测模型，以减少财务损失与合规违规风险。
Risk management involves assessing transaction risk, monitoring payment anomalies, deploying fraud detection models, and reducing financial loss and compliance violations.
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16. 合规（Compliance）
合规保证支付机构遵循所在地及目标市场的法律法规要求（如反洗钱AML、数据保护GDPR、支付法规PSD2等），避免法律责任。
Compliance ensures that payment institutions adhere to regulations and laws in both their home and target markets (e.g., AML, GDPR, PSD2) to mitigate legal and reputational risks.
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17. 身份验证（Know Your Customer, KYC）
KYC是金融机构在开户或合作前，对客户进行身份核验的过程，包括审核身份证件、地址证明等，目的是防范欺诈及非法资金流动。
KYC is the customer identification process financial institutions adopt before opening accounts or entering partnerships, involving ID verification and proof of address validation to prevent fraud and illicit fund movement.
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18. 反洗钱（Anti-Money Laundering, AML）
反洗钱是一系列控制非法资金流入金融体系的政策措施，要求各支付机构报告可疑交易，设置交易监控系统，防止犯罪所得资金融入正规交易。
Anti-Money Laundering (AML) encompasses measures and regulations that prevent illicit funds from entering the financial system. Payment institutions must report suspicious activities and implement surveillance procedures to comply.
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